Vitamins

Vitamin

Function

Deficiency

Excess

A

Visual pigment (retinol)

Night blindness

Dry skin

Arthralgia, HA, fatigue, skin changes, alopecia

B1 thiamine

Enzyme cofactor

Beriberi (polyneuritis, cardiac path, and edema)

Wernicke-Koraskoff

B2 riboflavin

Cofactor of oxidation / reduction; FAD

Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization

B3 niacin

Redox rxns; NAD

Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia), beefy glossitis

B5

CoA; fatty acid synthesis

Dermititis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

B6

Enzyme cofactor

Convulsions, hyperirritibility

Biotin

Cofactor of carboxylation

Dermatitis, enteritis

Folic acid

Synthesis of DNA / RNA

Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, sprue

B12

Cofactor

Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, neurologic sx, glossitis

C

Hydroxylation of proline / lysine

Scurvy (swollen gums, bruising, anemia, ßhealing)

D

GI absorption of calcium

Rickets, Osteomalacia, tetany

loss of apetite; seen in Sarcoidosis

E

Antioxidant (especially rbc)

K

Synthesis of Factors II, VII, IX, X; proteins C & S

Neonatal hemorrhage, ÝPT, ÝPTT, normal bleed time

copper

Cofactor for; lysyl oxidase, superoxide dismutase, ferroxidase, tyrosinase.

Poor wound healing, dissecting anuerysm.

zinc

cofactor for; superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, thymidine kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, collagenases - responsible for transforming scar from weak type III to strong type I collagen.

Poor wound healing.

Erythematous pustules and scales resembling psoriasis around mouth genitalia anus feet elbows knees